shell script

#!/usr/bin/env bash
# 这是注释, 使用 #开始

NAME="John"
echo "Hello $NAME!"

NAME="John"
echo $NAME
echo "$NAME"
echo "${NAME}!"

NAME="John"
echo "Hi $NAME"  #=> Hi John
echo 'Hi $NAME'  #=> Hi $NAME

echo "I'm in $(pwd)"
echo "I'm in `pwd`"
# Same

git commit && git push
git commit || echo "Commit failed"

get_name() {
  echo "John"
}

echo "You are $(get_name)"

if [[ -z "$string" ]]; then
  echo "String is empty"
elif [[ -n "$string" ]]; then
  echo "String is not empty"
fi

set -euo pipefail
IFS=$'\n\t'

echo {A,B}.js

name="John"
echo ${name}
echo ${name/J/j}    #=> "john" (substitution)
echo ${name:0:2}    #=> "Jo" (slicing)
echo ${name::2}     #=> "Jo" (slicing)
echo ${name::-1}    #=> "Joh" (slicing)
echo ${name:(-1)}   #=> "n" (slicing from right)
echo ${name:(-2):1} #=> "h" (slicing from right)
echo ${food:-Cake}  #=> $food or "Cake"

length=2
echo ${name:0:length}  #=> "Jo"

STR="/path/to/foo.cpp"
echo ${STR%.cpp}    # /path/to/foo
echo ${STR%.cpp}.o  # /path/to/foo.o

echo ${STR##*.}     # cpp (extension)
echo ${STR##*/}     # foo.cpp (basepath)

echo ${STR#*/}      # path/to/foo.cpp
echo ${STR##*/}     # foo.cpp

echo ${STR/foo/bar} # /path/to/bar.cpp

STR="Hello world"
echo ${STR:6:5}   # "world"
echo ${STR:-5:5}  # "world"

SRC="/path/to/foo.cpp"
BASE=${SRC##*/}   #=> "foo.cpp" (basepath)
DIR=${SRC%$BASE}  #=> "/path/to/" (dirpath)

# Single line comment

: '
This is a
multi line
comment
'

for i in /etc/rc.*; do
  echo $i
done

for i in {1..5}; do
    echo "Welcome $i"
done

for i in {5..50..5}; do
    echo "Welcome $i"
done

while IFS='' read -r line ||[[ -n "$line" ]] ; do
 echo "$line"
 done < package.json

while true; do
  ···
done

myfunc() {
    echo "hello $1"
}

# Same as above (alternate syntax)
# 我更喜欢这种, 和js很像
function myfunc() {
    echo "hello $1"
}

myfunc "John"

myfunc() {
    local myresult='some value'
    echo $myresult
}

result="$(myfunc)"

myfunc() {
  return 1
}

if myfunc; then
  echo "success"
else
  echo "failure"
fi

if ping -c 1 google.com; then
  echo "It appears you have a working internet connection"
fi

if grep -q 'foo' ~/.bash_history; then
  echo "You appear to have typed 'foo' in the past"
fi

# String
if [[ -z "$string" ]]; then
  echo "String is empty"
elif [[ -n "$string" ]]; then
  echo "String is not empty"
fi

# Combinations
if [[ X ]] && [[ Y ]]; then
  ...
fi

# Equal
if [[ "$A" == "$B" ]]

# Regex
if [[ "A" =~ "." ]]

if (( $a < $b )); then
   echo "$a is smaller than $b"
fi

if [[ -e "file.txt" ]]; then
  echo "file exists"
fi

Fruits=('Apple' 'Banana' 'Orange')

Fruits[0]="Apple"
Fruits[1]="Banana"
Fruits[2]="Orange"

echo ${Fruits[0]}           # Element #0
echo ${Fruits[@]}           # All elements, space-separated
echo ${#Fruits[@]}          # Number of elements
echo ${#Fruits}             # String length of the 1st element
echo ${#Fruits[3]}          # String length of the Nth element
echo ${Fruits[@]:3:2}       # Range (from position 3, length 2)

Fruits=("${Fruits[@]}" "Watermelon")    # Push
Fruits+=('Watermelon')                  # Also Push
Fruits=( ${Fruits[@]/Ap*/} )            # Remove by regex match
unset Fruits[2]                         # Remove one item
Fruits=("${Fruits[@]}")                 # Duplicate
Fruits=("${Fruits[@]}" "${Veggies[@]}") # Concatenate
lines=(`cat "logfile"`)                 # Read from file

for i in "${arrayName[@]}"; do
  echo $i
done

set -o noclobber  # Avoid overlay files (echo "hi" > foo)
set -o errexit    # Used to exit upon error, avoiding cascading errors
set -o pipefail   # Unveils hidden failures
set -o nounset    # Exposes unset variables

set -o nullglob    # Non-matching globs are removed  ('*.foo' => '')
set -o failglob    # Non-matching globs throw errors
set -o nocaseglob  # Case insensitive globs
set -o globdots    # Wildcards match dotfiles ("*.sh" => ".foo.sh")
set -o globstar    # Allow ** for recursive matches ('lib/**/*.rb' => 'lib/a/b/c.rb')

$((a + 200))      # Add 200 to $a

$((RANDOM%=200))  # Random number 0..200

(cd somedir; echo "I'm now in $PWD")
pwd # still in first directory

python hello.py > output.txt   # stdout to (file)
python hello.py >> output.txt  # stdout to (file), append
python hello.py 2> error.log   # stderr to (file)
python hello.py 2>&1           # stderr to stdout
python hello.py 2>/dev/null    # stderr to (null)
python hello.py &>/dev/null    # stdout and stderr to (null)

python hello.py < foo.txt      # feed foo.txt to stdin for python

command -V cd
#=> "cd is a function/alias/whatever"

trap 'echo Error at about $LINENO' ERR

traperr() {
  echo "ERROR: ${BASH_SOURCE[1]} at about ${BASH_LINENO[0]}"
}

set -o errtrace
trap traperr ERR

case "$1" in
  start | up)
    vagrant up
    ;;

  *)
    echo "Usage: $0 {start|stop|ssh}"
    ;;
esac

source "${0%/*}/../share/foo.sh"

printf "Hello %s, I'm %s" Sven Olga
#=> "Hello Sven, I'm Olga

DIR="${0%/*}"

while [[ "$1" =~ ^- && ! "$1" == "--" ]]; do case $1 in
  -V | --version )
    echo $version
    exit
    ;;
  -s | --string )
    shift; string=$1
    ;;
  -f | --flag )
    flag=1
    ;;
esac; shift; done
if [[ "$1" == '--' ]]; then shift; fi

cat <<END
hello world
END

echo -n "Proceed? [y/n]: "
read ans
echo $ans

read -n 1 ans    # Just one character

pwd # /home/user/foo
cd bar/
pwd # /home/user/foo/bar
cd -
pwd # /home/user/foo